9.5 Lifespan Considerations

Newborn

In the initial weeks of life, infants may exhibit irregular or periodic breathing patterns. It is crucial to monitor their respirations for a full minute to accurately assess their breathing. Additionally, nurses should be aware that periods of apnea, which can last up to 10 seconds, may be observed during this time and are considered a normal finding. During the first three months of life, infants are considered as “obligate” nose-breathers, which means their primary mode of breathing is through the nose.^[1]

Pediatrics

Depending on the child’s age and developmental level, they may answer questions independently or the child’s parent/guardian may provide information. The respiratory rate in children under 12 months of age may vary from 30 to 60 breaths per minute, depending on whether the infant is asleep or active.  Secondhand smoke and air pollution can damage lung development. During puberty and adolescence, exposure to smoking or vaping also impacts lung development and causes irreversible lung damage, according to the American Lung Association.^[2]

Older Adults

As individuals age, several physiological changes occur in the thoracic region. The supportive cartilage and muscles in the chest gradually weaken, leading to decreased flexibility and constriction of chest expansion. Additionally, older adults may experience diminished strength in their respiratory muscles, resulting in shallower breathing patterns. Furthermore, significant curvature of the spine, known as kyphosis, can alter the anteroposterior–transverse ratio of the chest, potentially leading to a 1:1 ratio.^[3]