Glossary

Heritable traits that improve survival and reproduction in a given environment

The cell’s energy currency

definition

Rate at which a specific allele appears within a population.

A gene variation.

A monomer of a protein.

A description of a genetic trait or condition that can be passed down from parent to child. The trait is recessive located on a autosomal chromosome.

A substance produced during a biochemical process but is not the primary or intended product of that process

A mathematical process used to converting measurements between units by systemically eliminating units in calculations.

A colorless, odorless gas

The fundamental unit of life; a plasma membrane surrounding cytoplasm containing other structures, such as DNA

The process by which cells convert chemical energy from glucose (C6H12O6) into usable energy (ATP)

A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction

A process leading to rearranging atoms in molecules.

A series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells for extraction of energy from carbohydrates; Als known as the Kreb Cycle.

Three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA that specify the insertion of an amino acid or the release of a polypeptide chain during translation

Group of data points, observations, or subjects that Is not exposed to the condition that is being studied but otherwise treated identically to the experimental group.

Double-helical molecule that carries the cell's hereditary information.

A factor that is an effect that can be observed and measured which may be caused by the independent variable.

A cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n).

A group of proteins that pass energized electrons and use the energy released by the electrons to move hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient.

A catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein.

A branch of medicine that studies incidence, distribution and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

A genetic change in populations across generations over a period of time.

Group of data points, observations, or subjects that Is exposed to the condition that is being studied but otherwise treated identically to the control group.

The process where a sperm units with an egg (ovum) which results in a zygote.

Organism’s ability to survive and reproduce.

A physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein.

The process that produces function protein or ribonucleic acid (RNA) from a gene.

All the alleles that the individuals in the population carry

The process that induces or represses the expression of a gene

The study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms

The study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.

A cell, nucleus, or organism complete set of chromosomes.

The genetic makeup for a particular trait in an organism.

A monomer of a carbohydrate; simple carbohydrate.

A process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH.

A visualization to present, interpret, and summarize data.

The number of times your heart beats per minute.

The passing of traits from one generation to another.

Having two different alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome.

A proposed explanation of a phenomenon within the natural world.

A decimal system of weights and measurements that is historically used in the British Empire.

A factor that may cause an effect that can be observed and measured in the dependent variable.

A decimal system of weights and measurements in which the basic units are meter (m) for length, gram (g) for mass, and liter (l) for volume.

Broader scale evolutionary changes that scientists see over paleontological time.

Large molecule made up of small building blocks or subunits.

The average of the set of numbers.

The middle number of a set when the data is arranged in ascending or descending order.

A decimal system of weights and measurements in which the basic units are meter (m) for length, gram (g) for mass, and liter (l) for volume.

Changes in a population’s genetic structure

The most frequently occurring number in the data set.

A variation in the nucleotide sequence of a genome.

Reproduction of individuals with favorable genetic traits that survive environmental change because of those traits, leading to evolutionary change

A monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base

A chemical element.

The relative difference between an old value and a new value, as a percentage of the original value

The observable trait expressed in an organism.

A chemical process that converts light energy into chemical energy.

The expected results of an experiment.

A word or letter placed before another word; A word before the base unit to measure quantity larger or smaller than the base unit.

A biological macromolecule comprised of one or more amino acid chains.

A visual representation of a cross between two individuals in which the gametes of each individual are denoted along the top and side of a grid, respectively, and the possible zygotic genotypes are recombined at each box in the grid

A technique used to select a subset of individuals or observations from a larger population in such a way that every member has an equal chance of being chosen.

A small (7–8 μm) biconcave cell without mitochondria (and in mammals without nuclei) that is packed with hemoglobin, giving the cell its red color; transports oxygen through the body

Individual's production of offspring per breeding attempt or lifetime

A single-stranded, often internally base paired, molecule that is involved in protein synthesis.

A cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis.

An enzyme that produces RNA that is complementary to the DNA template

The number of data points, observations, subjects, or replicates that are collected in each control and experimental group.

A comprehensive and flexible process of examination and discovery of natural phenomena.

A represent numbers by using significant digits multiplied by 10 raised to power or exponent.

A genetic disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells, and their ability to transport oxygen and move through capillaries.

The spread of the data is around the mean and indicates the level of variability within the dataset.

A discipline of mathematics that deals with interpreting, analyzing, and organizing data in order to identify patterns, make informed decisions, and draw conclusions.

The process through which messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) forms on a template of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

The process through which ribonucleic acid (RNA) directs the protein's formation.

A RNA that carries activated amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on the ribosome.

A factor, trait, or condition that can be controlled, changed, or measured in an experiment.

The horizontal axis of a graph.

The vertical axis of a graph.