Multiculturalism Overview

In this primer the use of the term “Peer Support Specialist and/or Recovery Coach” refers to the individual providing services and the term “program participant” is used to identify the individual receiving services and supports. This primer was created as an entry level cultural reference for Peer Support Specialists and Recovery Coaches, working in both Substance Use Disorder and Mental Health fields. The stories and experiences are personal to the individuals who authored each section. The appendices contain definitions of words (glossary), acronyms, references, and tools.

The Cultural Humility Primer for Peer Specialists has adapted some of its components from Multicultural Counseling Competencies (MCCs) for this publication. MCC is a model in the counseling field that addresses three main domains:

• Peer knowledge about different cultures and cultural perspectives.
• Peer skills to utilize culturally appropriate approaches.
• Peer awareness of their own and their cultural heritage and the influence of culture on attitudes, beliefs, and experiences.

This overview explores two major areas:

1. The program participant’s perception of the Peer Support Specialist’s and/or Recovery Coach’s awareness of cultural humility, and,
2. The degree to which the Peer Support Specialist and/or Recovery Coach addresses culture and cultural opportunities in the peer support encounter and intervention.

Cultural humility refers to the ability to maintain an interpersonal stance that is “other- oriented” (or open to the other person) in relation to aspects of cultural identity that are most important to the person with whom you are engaging. Cultural humility contains both intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions.

Intra-personally, cultural humility depends on the Peer Support Specialist’s and/or Recovery Coach’s openness to accepting that their own cultural identities and experiences will limit their perspective and awareness in understanding the cultural experiences of others.

The interpersonal dimension of cultural humility involves an “other-oriented” perspective that includes openness, respect, consideration, humility, and interest regarding the program participant’s cultural identity and experiences.

Be aware that it is usually much easier to empathize with people that are more like you than not. You must employ cultural humility and personal honesty and awareness so that you can see through your own bias.

Definitions

As a peer practitioner, you are encouraged to stay in your lane while doing all you can to educate yourself on best practices. Look for “cultural opportunities” in your work as a Peer Support Specialist and/or Recovery Coach. Cultural opportunities refer to moments in your work when you are presented with opportunities to address and focus on the program participant’s cultural identity. For example, a cultural opportunity may emerge when a program participant of a marginalized racial group discusses depression that is linked to being treated unjustly in the workplace. This presents an opportunity for you to explore potential discrimination, privilege, fragility, and micro- aggressions relative to cultural identity. Here are some definitions to help you further study culture as it relates to the work you do as a Peer Support Specialist and Recovery Coach. The definitions below are from Wikipedia.

White Privilege

White Privilege (or white skin privilege) is the societal privilege that benefits white people over non-white people, particularly if they are otherwise under the same social, political, or economic circumstances. “She doesn’t know she has white privilege because she has never had to worry about getting pulled over or targeted for shoplifting in a grocery store.”

White Fragility

White Fragility refers to discomfort and defensiveness on the part of a white person when confronted by information about racial inequality and injustice.

“Her indignant reaction comes off as the quintessential combination of White Fragility and White Privilege.”

Implicit Bias

Bias that results from the tendency to process information based on unconscious associations and feelings, even when these are contrary to ones conscious or declared beliefs is called Implicit Bias.

Cultural Humility

The ability to maintain an interpersonal stance that is other-oriented (or open to the other) in relation to aspects of cultural identity that are most important to the [person].[1]” Cultural Humility is different from other culturally-based training ideals because it focuses on self-humility rather than achieving a state of knowledge or awareness.

Cultural Appropriation

Cultural Appropriation, sometimes called, cultural misappropriation, is the adoption of an element or elements of one culture or identity by members of another culture or identity.

Micro-aggression

Micro-aggression is a term used for brief and commonplace, daily verbal or behavioral indignities, whether intentional or unintentional.

Peering-in, A Multicultural Lens

People with white skin have been the predominate population of mental health professionals in the counseling field in the United States (U.S.), as with most other professions during the first 200 years of the country’s existence; yet this was also a time in which peer support did not exist. Like most institutions of higher learning that did not admit women and men of color, these institutional inequalities still influence the counseling, and subsequently the peer support fields today. In 2015, the American Psychological Association reported that 86% of psychologists in the U.S. identified as White, 5% Asian, 5% Hispanic, and 4% identified as African American. This distribution of identities among professionals doesn’t reflect the country’s overall demographics which are: 60.4% White, 18.3% Hispanic/Latino, 13.4% African American, and 5.9% Asian, according to 2018 census data. These disparities in representation also correspond to the demographic information available about Peer Support Specialists. Think about where you work right now as a Peer Support Specialist. Is it diverse? Do the people in charge reflect the individuals being served? The answer is likely, no.

In a world that does not represent, hire and promote individuals equally- what is your responsibility? Why should you care about cultural humility and multiculturalism?

Peer Support Specialists are often the first people that program participants meet. Engagement is crucial in the beginning of a peer helping relationship. Having a multicultural lens means that you are open, know your own bias, are flexible, and know when you do not know something. You understand how critical it is to feel like you are not alone and that someone “gets” you, as a peer. Feeling understood and “seen” is one of the most crucial components to recovery for both mental health and substance use disorders. In each of the scenarios we provide, we will present evidence to support the life and death impact that paying attention to a person’s culture can yield. So how do you develop multicultural awareness and cultural humility as a Peer Support Specialist? By understanding how you process data.

Principles of Cultural Humility

Cultural Humility Principles

1. Lifelong commitment to learning and critical self-reflection;
2. Desire to fix power imbalances within provider-client dynamic;
3. Institutional accountability and mutual respectfully partnership based on trust.

Step 1: Assessment

• What do you need to know about other cultures?
• Why do you want to know about it?

Step 2: Awareness

• Be aware of your own bias and ignorance.

Step 3: Educate yourself

• Read about other cultures and ask questions when you have them. Make sure that you do not fall into a well-meaning trap of “Asking to teach.” Sometimes when we are educating ourselves, we go to the nearest person we know from the culture we want to learn about.

Step 4: Implementation of new knowledge

• We use the word humility for a reason when it comes to other people’s experiences of their culture. Everyone is an individual. Understand that just because you read about a culture in a book it does not necessarily (if ever) mean that you fully understand all aspects of a culture. There are cultures within cultures as well subcultures

Cultural Encapsulation/Blindness

Gilbert Wrenn described individuals as “culturally encapsulated” when they define reality according to one set of cultural assumptions. Below is a table of cultural challenges defined by Wrenn that relate very well to Peer Support Specialists and Recovery Coaches when cultural humility and multiculturalism are ignored. Use Cultural Humility to combat Cultural Encapsulation, also known as Cultural Blindness.

The first step of developing multicultural competence is an assessment of your personal and professional cultural awareness needs. Becoming aware of culturally learned assumptions as they are both similar and different from members of other cultures is the foundation of peer support core competence.

Classification of Disabilities

Every person has skills, abilities, and their own uniqueness, regardless of the challenges that they may face (check out the Tools in the Appendices for more information). The following pages will describe the eight Classifications of Disability according to disabledworld.com.

Categories of disability include various physical and mental impairments that can hamper or reduce a person’s ability to reach their goals when working with a Peer Support Specialist. These impairments can be termed as a disability if the person struggles with his/her/their/zer, day to day activities. Disability can be broken down into the following eight broad sub-categories.

Mobility and Physical Impairments

This category includes people with varying types of physical disability, including:

• • Upper limb(s) disability
  • Lower limb(s) disability
  • Manual dexterity
  • Disability in co-ordination with different organs of the body
  • Disability in mobility can be either an in-born or an acquired with age problem. It could also be the effect of a disease or accident.

Spinal Cord Disability

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) can sometimes lead to lifelong disabilities. This kind of injury is usually due to severe accidents. The injury can be either complete or incomplete. In an incomplete injury, the messages conveyed by the spinal cord are not completely lost. A complete injury results in a total dis-functioning of the sensory organs. In some cases, spinal cord disability can be a birth defect. It is not okay to ask, “What happened?” when you’re working with a program participant in a wheelchair

Head Injuries – Brain Disability

A disability in the brain occurs due to a brain injury. The magnitude of the brain injury can range from mild and moderate to severe. An Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) is an injury to the brain that is not hereditary, congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma. Essentially, this type of brain injury is one that has occurred after birth. The injury affects the physical integrity, metabolic activity, or functional ability of nerve cells in the brain.

An acquired brain injury is the umbrella term for all brain injuries. There are two types of acquired brain injury: Traumatic and Non-Traumatic.

• Non-Traumatic Brain Injury (NTBI)
• Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Vision Disability

There are hundreds of thousands of people that have various, minor to serious, vision disability or impairment. These injuries can also result in serious problems or diseases like blindness and ocular trauma. Some of the common vision impairments include scratched cornea, scratches on the sclera, diabetes related eye conditions, dry eyes, and corneal graft.

Hearing Disability

Hearing disabilities include complete or partial deafness. People who are hard of hearing can often use hearing aids to assist their hearing. Deafness can be evident at birth or occur later in life from several biological causes, for example Meningitis can damage the auditory nerve or the cochlea. People that are deaf or hard of hearing use sign language as a means of communication. Hundreds of sign languages are in use around the world. In linguistic terms, sign languages are as rich and complex as any oral language, despite the common misconception that they are not “real languages.”

Cognitive or Learning Disabilities

Cognitive disabilities are impairments present in people who are living with dyslexia and various other learning difficulties. This category also includes speech disorders.

Psychological Disorders

These disorders of mood or feeling states can be either and both short or long in duration. Mental Health Impairment (MHI) is the term used to describe people who have experienced psychiatric challenges or illness such as:

• Personality disorders: Defined as deeply inadequate patterns of behavior and thought of sufficient severity to cause significant impairment to day-to-day activities.
• Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by disturbances of thinking, mood, and behavior.

Invisible Disabilities

Invisible disabilities are those that are not immediately apparent to others. It is estimated that 10% of people in the U.S. have a medical condition considered to be an invisible disability.

Invisible Disabilities

What are Invisible Disabilities?

An invisible disability is a physical or mental, or physic-mental (co-occurring) impairment that limits one or more major life activities. These conditions and their symptoms are not outwardly apparent to others. These disabilities may be hard for a Peer Support Specialist and/or Recovery Coach to identify. This can lead to extreme frustration and hopelessness for individuals living with the disability. Invisible disability is a broad term that covers several health concerns, including the following:

• Chronic fatigue syndrome
• Diabetes
• Fibromyalgia
• Mental Health Conditions
• Substance Use Disorders
• Arthritis
• ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
• Autoimmune disorders

Diseases such as cancer also can be considered invisible disabling conditions. Unless a person loses hair or drops a significant amount of weight, outsiders may not realize that they are ill. If a person is walking with a cane, vomiting, wearing a cast, gaining weight or any other number of signs that suggest a health concern, the illness is clear even to strangers. However, the flip side is that when a condition is not outwardly identifiable, some may have difficulty accepting that there is a challenge. How, as a Peer Support Specialist and/or Recovery Coach, can you best support an individual with a hidden disability? The next page provides a few tips.

As a Peer Support Specialist and/or Recovery Coach, you will likely work with someone with a hidden disability. Do not assume it. Ask about it.

Tips for Working with Program Participants Who Identify as Having Hidden Disabilities

• Do not assume that because you cannot see it, that it is not real and poses a regular challenge for someone. If they say it is a challenge- it is.
• Just because you may not have heard about it, does not mean it does not exist.
• Remain open-minded and ask yourself if there is more to knowing and understanding what the program participant is going through that would assist them in reaching their identified goals. Is the disability interfering with goal accomplishment? Does the person want assistance?
• Examine your personal bias and resist making judgements about what a person can or cannot achieve based on what you see. Continually check-in with them. Ask questions politely.
• Do not diagnose a potential or hidden disability. Make appropriate referrals. You are not a counselor or a doctor. Use appropriate boundaries and remember your ethics and boundaries training.
• Always be open to special or unique needs and be supportive.
• Trust and believe what the program participant is telling you.
• Co-research the hidden disability and provide education.
• Be curious, not critical. We tend to reject what we do not know or believe. Remember the ladder of inference?
• We may not be able to relate to a situation exactly, but we are all human and we have felt pain, joy, and sadness. Relate to the feelings being expressed.

Rather than thinking “disability,” let us think, “different abilities” or “differently abled.” Bear in mind that every person has skills, abilities, and their own uniqueness regardless of the challenges they may face.

Invisible Disability Scenario

Jose, he/him, is a Peer Support Specialist and Recovery Coach. He is working with Andreas, they/them, who has gone back to school. Andreas is 38 years old and has not been in school in a very long time. Andreas has told Jose about their fear of going back to school because they have been told their whole life that they have a learning disability. They do not really know what it -is. They know they are struggling and need to ask for help. They have been clean and sober for two years and have been working with Jose the whole time they have been in recovery. Andreas has reached out to Jose to get support in telling their new school that they need extra support. Jose has never had a hidden disability and will use cultural humility to find out more information.

If you were Jose:

• How would you approach the situation?
• What questions would you ask?
• How could you use your personal story to assist Andreas?
• What would you do if you did not have personal experience with a hidden disability?

Suggested approach

Jose will approach the situation based on the trust built in this relationship. He will ask Andreas what questions are acceptable and what may make them feel uncomfortable. He will find out if they would like a referral to a specialist to further explore what is challenging them. He will refrain from diagnosing and playing the guessing game. He will use any part of his personal story he feels comfortable sharing. If he has not experienced a hidden disability, he will find a colleague or someone who has that is willing to share with Andreas, if that is something they are interested. He could ask the following questions:

• How can I best support you?
• How much support would you like?
• Would you like to set goals around this situation?

Visible Disabilities

What are Visible Disabilities?

A disability is defined as a condition or function that is judged to be impaired compared to the standard of an individual or group. The term is used to refer to an individual’s functioning, including physical impairment, sensory impairment, cognitive impairment, intellectual impairment, mental illness, and other types of challenges. Disability is conceptualized as being a multidimensional experience for the person involved. Often people without disabilities make assumptions about what it must be like to live without sight, legs, or the ability to hear. Their assumptions are often negative, and the opposite is often true. People who live with disabilities, have a more positive outlook on their quality of life than do the people that they reach out to for help.

There are three dimensions of disability that are nationally recognized:

• Body structure and function (and impairment thereof)
• Activity (and activity restrictions)
• Participation (and participation restrictions)

The classification also recognizes the role of physical and social environmental factors in affecting how people with disabilities can recover from behavioral health challenges. Disabilities can affect people in different ways, even when one person has the same type of disability as another person. There are many types of disabilities (differing- abilities) that affect a person’s:

• Vision
• Movement
• Memory
• Hearing
• Mental Health
• Social Relationships
• Thinking
• Substance Use Disorder
• Trauma
• Learning
• Communicating
• Historical Trauma

Supporting Someone with Visible Disabilities

As a Peer Support Specialist and/or Recovery Coach, you will likely work with someone who has a disability. Do not assume it. Let them tell you in their own time about it. Do not assume that what you perceive to be a barrier is a barrier to the program participant that you are supporting.

Tips for Working with Program Participants Who Have Visible Disabilities

• Always think accessibility. Can they see, hear, and participate in all the activities that others are participating in? Are any accommodations needed? How can you find out?
• Use proper language to describe the disability and the person. If you do not know- Ask!
• Partner with the individual you are working with to identify potential personal and societal barriers they are experiencing.
• Examine your bias and resist making judgements about what a person can or cannot achieve based on what you see, feel, and think.
• Avoid assuming that the disability is the root of all unhappiness.
• Do not ask family members to be interpreters if the person is deaf or hard of hearing. English as a second language is not a disability, although you may need an interpreter for language accessibility.
• Trust and believe what the program participants say to you.
• Help only when assistance has been requested.
• Service animals are accommodations. Request permission before speaking or touching a service animal. Do not judge what a person considers to be a service or support animal.
• Be curious, not critical. We tend to reject what we do not know or believe.

Visible Disability Scenario

Belinda (she/her) is a 20-year old female. Chantelle (she/her) is Belinda’s Peer Support Specialist. Eight months ago, on the way home from college for summer break, Belinda was in a multiple-car accident. As a result of the wreck, Belinda sustained a spinal cord injury, a mild traumatic brain injury, and a broken left wrist. She is in recovery and does not like to take the pain medication prescribed even though she needs it. Her wrist has healed but she still needs a walker to get around. Belinda came to see Chantelle for peer support because she noticed several personal challenges. She started feeling discouraged, angry, and overwhelmed. Her father (her primary natural support) from time-to-time, makes negative and hurtful comments about her disability. She want’s Chantelle to help to set goals for independence and empowerment.

If you were Chantelle:

1. How would you approach the situation?
2. What questions would you ask?
3. How could you use your personal story to assist Belinda?
4. What would you do if you did not have personal experience with a visible disability?

Suggested approach

Chantelle could use open-ended questions, reflective listening and the S.M.A.R.T. (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and timed) method to set goals. Chantelle will want to know what Belinda’s primary concern is, in order to prioritize goals. She will co-create a plan with Belinda to determine which areas to address first. Chantelle can use her own personal story to help Belinda deal with potential differences in expectations held by herself and those of her family members.

Chantelle can approach the situation based on a trusted relationship with Belinda. Belinda’s primary concerns are 1. Healing from her injuries at her own pace; 2. Her relationship with her father and his lack of support; and 3. She is feeling discouraged and overwhelmed, which may indicate depression. Peer Support Specialists never diagnose. Chantelle can use her personal story like a seasoning. Her story is the salt and pepper while Belinda’s story is the main course. Chantelle will use any part of her personal story she feels comfortable sharing. If she has not experienced a disability, she will find a colleague or someone who has, and is willing to share with the program participant she is supporting. She will consult her supervisor anytime she has a question or is unsure of how to proceed.

Black and African American Cultural Perspective 

Overall mental health and substance abuse challenges occur in Black and African American people in America at about the same or less frequency than in Caucasian Americans. Historically, however, the Black and African American experience in America has, and continues to be characterized by trauma and violence more often than for their Caucasian counterparts and impacts the emotional and mental health of both youth and adults.

When you are not African American or Black and you are working with a person of color, you must be aware of power dynamics, your implicit bias, and the potential micro- aggressions in the assistance you are providing. Historical dehumanization, oppression, and violence against Black and African American people has evolved into present day racism and cultivates a uniquely mistrustful and less affluent community experience. Using cultural humility, you can create a trusting relationship by asking a person about their experience in their culture and how it relates to their recovery.

Statistics

• Historical adversity, which includes slavery, sharecropping, and race-based exclusion from health, educational, social, and economic resources translates into socioeconomic disparities experienced by Black and African American people today.
• 13.4 percent of the U.S. population, or nearly 46M people, identify themselves to be Black or African American and another 2.7 percent identify as multiracial.
• Overall, 24 percent of Black and African American people have a bachelor’s degree or higher, as of 2017.
• The Black immigrant population in the U.S. increased from 816,000 in 1980 to over 4.2M by 2016. 39 percent were from Africa and nearly half were from the Caribbean.
• More than 1 in 5 Black and African American people in the U.S. lived in poverty as of 2018.
• Socioeconomic status is linked to mental health and substance use and abuse, meaning that people who are impoverished, homeless, and incarcerated are at a higher risk of not getting their recovery needs met.

Despite progress made over the years, racism continues to have a negative impact on the mental health and substance use recovery of Black and African American people. Negative stereotypes and attitudes of rejection continue to occur with measurable, adverse consequences. Historical and contemporary instances of negative treatment have led to a mistrust of authorities and people in positions of power.

Some of the recovery challenges African Americans face are in overcoming the false assumptions held by some Peer Support Specialists and Recovery Coaches. One assumption is that African Americans all respond to getting help in the same way.

It is important to understand power in relationships. Approach people of color with Cultural Humility always. If you are a person of color, it is also critical that you do not make assumptions. Do not think that because of the color of someone’s skin, they will be a certain way. They will not. All people are individuals.

Think about ways you can even the playing field in your environment, words, and actions. Think about the concepts we have discussed and how they will apply to your peer support and recovery coach work. If you are working in mental health, substance use disorders, co-occurring disorders, or doing community work, there is a power dynamic. You have more power than the person you are healing. Recovery Coaching and Peer Support models are designed to create mutuality in the relationship. Mutuality means that both parties are enhanced positively by the relationship. Therefore, your work is not clinical. Your work is based on your lived experience.

Watch for Implicit Bias and Micro-aggressions. Implicit Bias refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner. Micro-aggressions are brief and commonplace, daily, verbal, or behavioral indignities, whether intentional or unintentional that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative attitudes toward stigmatized or culturally marginalized groups.

Black and African American Cultural Scenario

Recovery Coaches and Peer Support Specialists help individuals feel safe and understood by being transparent and using their lived experience. This helps to create trust and instill hope. After you have educated yourself, please do not assume that every African American and Black person feels oppressed or limited. This is not the case. Treat each person you support as an individual.

Jackson, he/him, is a 6ft tall 270-pound ex-football player who identifies as Black. He has had challenges in the past with alcohol, but Jesse, he/him, his Recovery Coach, has helped him get into treatment and he has remained sober for 2 years. He has no record and has maintained a B average in college. Jesse has not seen Jackson since he was discharged from Intensive Outpatient Treatment six months ago. When Jesse asks Jackson why he made the appointment to see him, this is what Jackson said:

“Last week I was pulled over and the police officer put his hands on me. He slammed my head on the car and kidney punched me. My side still hurts. He did not give me a ticket or tell me why he pulled me over. I am in shock and I do not know what to do. I feel scared and angry. I do not want to make a complaint, but I… I just do not know what to do. I know a drink won’t make this better but right now it sounds really good.”

If you were Jesse:

• How would you approach the situation?
• What questions would you ask?
• How could you use your personal story to assist Jackson?
• What would you do if you did not have personal experience with his culture?

Suggested approach

Jesse will approach the situation with cultural humility, knowing that they have a trusting relationship. He could ask Jackson if he has gone to the hospital or would like to go. His job is to make sure Jackson is physically safe as well as mentally safe. If he wants to go to the hospital, Jesse will talk to his supervisor to see if he can support him and how. He will use open-ended questions to talk about how Jackson feels about what happened.

Jesse will let Jackson lead with vulnerability. Jesse understands that a Recovery Coach empowers individuals to share their own story in their own time. He is like a recovery Sherpa, who guides and plans but does not walk the walk for the people they are supporting. If Jackson does not feel he wants to go to the hospital, and Jesse believes he is safe, he will ask the following questions:

Jesse could use parts of his personal story that he feels comfortable sharing. If he has not experienced any related racism and trauma, he will find a colleague or someone who has, and that is willing to share about it with Jackson. He would only do this at Jackson’s request. It is all about voice and choice!

Asian Pacific Islander Cultural Perspective

There are many cultures that fall under the Asian Pacific Islander (API) and Asian American Pacific Islander (AAPI) umbrella. The important thing, as always, is to not assume where someone is from because of how they look.

These communities in the United States have had to struggle to reconcile their identities and challenges while recognizing the privilege that comes with something called the “model minority” myth. The “model minority” myth is a micro-aggression known as “ascription of intelligence,” where one assigns intelligence to a person of color based on their race. It is important to recognize how the “model minority” myth plays into your personal bias and stereotypes as a Peer Support Specialist and/or Recovery Coach.

Foreigner stereotypes occur when someone is assumed to be foreign-born or does not speak English because of the way they look. Stigma from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, resurfaced micro and macro-aggressions against Asian Pacific Islanders, especially for those perceived as of Chinese descent.

Statistics

Esther Kim is a Certified Peer Counselor in Washington State. She is from South Korea and identifies as being a Korean American, first-generation immigrant. When interviewed, she had this to say to prospective Recovery Coaches and Peer Support Specialists:

Many young Asian Americans tend to seek out support from personal networks such as close friends, family members, and religious community members rather than seek professional help for their mental health concerns. Keep this in mind as you read the scenario below.

Asian Pacific Islander Scenario

Jian Kim, he/him, is a new program participant and Davey Lamb, he/him, is his Peer Support Specialist. Jian goes by the name John since he moved to the United States. He is 23 years old and has never been to formal therapy. He made the appointment for peer support because he is very stressed out by school. He wants to change majors but does not think his family will approve. He cannot sleep and has started playing video games instead of doing his homework which has made him even more stressed out. He is looking for ways to tell his family that he wants to be a musician instead of a doctor.

Davey is Chinese American and understands family pressure very well. He takes John’s concerns seriously.

If you were Davey:

• How would you approach the situation?
• What questions would you ask?
• How could you use your personal story to assist John?
• What would you do if you did not have personal experience with his culture?

Suggested approach

This is Davey’s first meeting with John. Davey must identify what peer support is and what it is not. Confidentiality will be stressed at the earliest appropriate time in the meeting as stated earlier. He will make sure John knows what Davey’s role is and what John’s rights are. Davey will let him know his personal approach to peer support and give him the code of ethics that Davey co-created with his supervisor. The first meeting is by far one of the most important meetings in peer support. When there are potential cultural barriers, Davey will not be afraid to ask if John would like assistance with them. These can range from techniques to talk to his family to getting an interpreter for an important meeting or school appointment. There may be cultural and accessibility challenges, but Davey would not assume to know what they are, he would simply ask. The four questions below are good ice breakers that will let John know he is in the driver’s seat – don’t be afraid to make them your own by changing the words to suit your personal style.

1. How can I best support you?
2. How much support would you like?
3. Would you like to set goals around this situation?
4. Is there any advocacy that I can partner with you on?

Davey can use his personal story quite a bit with John because he has gone through a similar experience. If you have not experienced a situation like this and feel like you cannot relate after the first meet and greet, what can you do? Here are some suggestions:

• Ask John if he would like to talk with someone who has this specific lived experience, and if he says yes, assist him in connecting with a colleague or someone he can better relate to.
• Say something like this, “Hey John, I don’t have this specific experience but I do know what it feels like to be stressed out about having to tell your family something they are not going to want to hear. Is there anything I can do to help you prepare for that conversation? Would you feel more comfortable talking to someone from a background and culture more like yours?”

Native American and Indigenous Cultural Perspective

In the nineteenth century Native Americans were violently taken from their lands and homes to reservations, sometimes hundreds of miles away. Thousands died in such forced marches. Broken treaties, land frauds, and military attacks happened often.

Some tribes responded with armed resistance, like in the “Indian Wars” of the 1880s, but they were defeated.

In 1887, the General Allotment Act (or “Dawes Act”) nullified tribal land holdings, assigning each Native American 160 acres “in trust,” while the rest was sold. As “trustee,” the US government stole legal title to the parcels, established an Individual Indian Trust, and assumed full responsibility for management of the trust lands. In all, 90 million acres of land, or about 67% of Native American land was seized and the communal property system was destroyed.

Many Native/Indigenous tribes embrace a worldview that encompasses the concept of connectedness; strong family bonds, adaptability, oneness with nature, wisdom of elders, meaningful traditions, and a strong sense spirit may often serve as protective factors against mental health and substance use disorders. While many people of Native American descent find strength in these cultural practices and traditions, do not assume that all tribes and tribal activities are the same. Tribes are very different and have different cultures within a larger culture. For example, there are different languages, food, and ways of dressing among tribes. As a Peer Support Specialist and/or Recovery Coach, be prepared to know where indigenous people can go to get culturally appropriate resources, including mental health and treatment services.

If you have not had trauma-informed care training, it would be important to do so. Learn how to approach people who are experiencing historical trauma by using a trauma- informed lens.

Access to mental health services is severely limited by the rural, isolated location of many Native American/Indigenous communities. Access is limited because many clinics and hospitals are located on reservations. Many Native American /Indigenous people in America live outside of tribal areas and reservations. Do not assume that a person is from a reservation because they identify as being Native American/Indigenous. Use cultural humility and open-ended questions when you meet people from another culture. Do not wear culturally appropriated clothing or symbols. Do not co-opt a part of a culture because it is trending on Instagram. Trustworthiness is one of the most important ingredients in a peer relationship.

Krista Mahle is from Lummi Nation in Washington State. She teaches Recovery Coaching and Peer Support classes. She says:

Native American and Indigenous Scenario

Hiaqua, he/him, is a part of a peer-led group that focuses on sobriety. Hiaqua has 2 years sober and wants to go on the annual Canoe Journey. The last time he went on the journey he embarrassed himself and his family by getting really drunk and high. He is afraid to tell his Recovery Coach, Jason, that he has decided to go. He does not want to answer too many questions about his culture, and he does not know if the other group members will think it is a good idea for him to go.

Hiaqua also has a Peer Support Specialist that he likes, trusts, and has worked with for about a year. His name is Tobias. Hiaqua has made an appointment with Tobias in order to get help with his decision to go on the Canoe Journey and to process with Tobias the ways to tell the group his decision. He believes that Tobias will have a more favorable view of the Canoe Journey than Jason. Hiaqua had also been on medically assisted treatment for the first year of his sobriety. He wants to talk to Tobias about the possibility of getting back on it.

If you were Tobias:

• How would you approach the situation?
• What questions would you ask?
• How could you use your personal story to assist Hiaqua?
• What would you do if you did not have personal experience with his culture?
• If, and when would you bring in Jason, Hiaqua’s Recovery Coach?

Suggested approach

It is a good idea to participate in active listening, reflection, and paraphrasing. Using open-ended questions, Tobias will explore Hiaqua’s concern about what the group might think about him. Tobias will ask him directly if he is afraid that he will relapse if he goes on the Canoe Journey. He never offers advice. He will ask him what the Canoe Journey means to him. Tobias is concerned that Hiaqua wants to go back on medically assisted treatment. He believes in abstinence as he personally, works a 12-step program. Tobias has never given advice or discussed his preferred way of recovery with Hiaqua. He knows that there are many ways to recovery; and just because a 12-step program works for him it may not work for everyone. This is called recovery culture humility.

Peer Support Specialists and Recovery Coaches do not have all the answers. They only have their own lived experience to offer. Tobias will ask him if he has any natural supports, like friends or family going on the Canoe Journey that support his sobriety. He suggests having a meeting with both he and Jason to discuss the situation. Tobias and Jason will offer to make a relapse prevention plan for the trip if that is something Hiaqua wants. Here are some questions they can ask:

1. How can I best support you?
2. How much support would you like?
3. Would you like to set goals or make a plan around this situation?
4. Is there any advocacy that we can partner with you on?

Latinx and Hispanic Cultural Perspective

In the Latinx/Hispanic cultures family comes first, (usually after God). Traditional Latinx/Hispanic individuals are brought up very close to their immediate and sometimes even extended family members. Generally, elders are highly regarded, and children must respect their parents. Many families live in multigenerational households that include parents, siblings, and grandparents. Sometimes other extended family members also reside in the home at one point or another.

When working with Latinx/Hispanic individuals, it is best to remember that family may play a large role in their everyday lives. If working with someone from the Latinx or Hispanic population who has been separated from their family, it is important to start building natural supports right away. When working with the whole family, as a Peer Support Specialist or Recovery Coach, do not speak for the program participant. Do not ask a family member to translate. Do not assume that translation is necessary.

Remember peer support is voluntary and about voice and choice.

Hispanic and Latino are terms that are often used interchangeably though they mean two different things. Hispanic refers to people who speak Spanish or are descended from Spanish-speaking populations, while Latino refers to people who are from or descended from Latin America. In the United States, these terms are thought of as racial categories and are used to describe race in the same way as White, Black, and Asian Pacific Islander labels. However, the populations described by these terms are composed of various racial groups; thus, using them as racial categories is inaccurate.

A variety of cultures and subcultures are encompassed by each term. Make no assumptions about a person’s ethnicity. Ask people direct questions with respect and dignity. Use cultural humility to be open to learning new things about the people you are working with.

Latinx and Hispanic Scenario

Alex, he/him, is a 26-year-old Latino man who has been married for eight years. Pedro, he/him, is Alex’s Recovery Coach. Alex has been in recovery for five years. He lives with his wife and three young children. He is meeting with Pedro because he had his first follow-up primary care visit after receiving an HIV diagnosis last month.

Alex stated that he has not shared the information about his HIV status with his family yet, because he is afraid that they will reject him. Alex is recovering from heroin abuse and has been very successful in his current career. He expressed to Pedro that he is afraid his friends and family might think he has relapsed. He wants to talk to Pedro and make a plan about how to tell his wife about his diagnosis.

Here are some questions that can be asked to guide in this situation:

1. How can I best support you?
2. How much support would you like?
3. Would you like to set goals or make a plan around this situation?
4. Can I partner with you in advocacy?

Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Cultural Perspective

People who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) are members of every community. We will speak in depth on the “T” portion of this acronym in the next module. People that identify as being a part of the LGBT community are diverse, come from all walks of life, and include people of all races and ethnicities, all ages, all socioeconomic statuses, and are from all parts of the country.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals still face extensive discrimination and prejudice in society. There has been a rise in violence perpetuated on people who are gay, lesbian, or transgender. Peer Support Specialist and Recovery Coaches can affirm a person’s ability to integrate their sexual identity in healthy ways into their personal recovery if that is what they choose to do. In order to best serve individuals that identify as (LGBT) you will need to learn some terms. These may or may not be familiar to you. Remember to be curious and not critical. Practice cultural humility, especially if you are from a religious background, as many religious organizations have had a history of discriminating against and stigmatizing gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender individuals.

Terms

Sexual Orientation

Sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, to both sexes or to more than one gender. These attractions are generally subsumed under heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality, while asexuality is sometimes identified as a fourth category.

Gender Identity

Gender is concept (rather than a tangible, physical feature like sex) that has been constructed by society. Gender identity is the personal sense of one’s own gender. Gender identity can correlate with a person’s assigned sex at birth or it can differ from it. Gender expression typically reflects a person’s gender identity, but this is not always the case. While a person may express behaviors, attitudes, and appearances consistent with a particular gender role, such expression may not necessarily reflect their gender identity. The term gender identity was originally coined by Robert J. Stoller in 1964.

Gender Expression

Gender expression, or gender presentation, is a person’s behavior, mannerisms, interests, and appearance associated with gender in a particular cultural context, specifically with the categories of femininity or masculinity. This also includes gender roles. These categories rely on stereotypes about gender.

Gay

Gay is a term that primarily refers to a homosexual person or the trait of being homosexual. The term was originally used to mean “carefree,” “cheerful,” or “bright and showy.” The term’s use as a reference to male homosexuality may date to the late 19th century, but its use gradually increased in the mid-20th century. In modern English gay has come to be used as an adjective, and as a noun, referring to the community, practices, and cultures associated with homosexuality.

Lesbian

A lesbian is a homosexual woman. The word lesbian is also used for women in relation to their sexual identity or sexual behavior, regardless of sexual orientation. It can also be used as an adjective to characterize or associate nouns with female homosexuality or same-sex attraction.

Bisexual

Bisexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior toward both males and females, or to more than one sex or gender. It may also be defined as romantic or sexual attraction to people of any sex or gender identity, which is also known as pansexuality.

Transgender

Transgender people have a gender identity or gender expression that differs from their sex at birth. Some transgender people who desire medical assistance to transition from one sex to another identify as transsexual. Transgender, often shortened as trans, is also an umbrella term. In addition to including people whose gender identity is the opposite of their assigned sex, it may include people who are not exclusively masculine or feminine. Other definitions of transgender also include people who belong to a third gender or conceptualize transgender as a third gender.

Cisgender

Cisgender is a term for people whose gender identity matches their sex at birth.

Statistics

• Approximately 1 in 8 lesbian women (13%), nearly half of bisexual women (46%), and 1 in 6 heterosexual women (17%) have been raped in their lifetime. This translates to an estimated 214,000 lesbian women, 1.5M bisexual women, and 19M heterosexual women.
• 4 in 10 gay men (40%), nearly half of bisexual men (47%), and 1 in 5 heterosexual men (21%) have experienced Spousal Violence (SV) other than rape in their lifetime. This translates into nearly 1.1M gay men, 903,000 bisexual men, and 21.6M heterosexual men. The “Me Too” movement is not just for women.
• 44% of lesbian women, 61% of bisexual women, and 35% of heterosexual women experienced rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner in their lifetime.
• LGBT Veterans are at a disproportionate risk for suicide and other poor health outcomes, due in part to barriers in accessing services and lack of social support.
• According to the FBI data of the nearly 1,200 incidents targeting people due to their sexual orientation, the majority of the incidents targeted gay men (roughly 60%), while approximately 12% targeted lesbians, 1.5% targeted bisexuals, and 1.4% targeted heterosexuals.

As a Recovery Coach or Peer Support Specialist it is statistically likely that you will work with an individual who has been a victim of a hate crime. Cultural humility and trauma- informed care are called for in this situation. For those who survive hate crimes, the lasting physical and mental health challenges are immense and can lead to ongoing health problems. Peer support is an excellent intervention for individuals who have experienced trauma. If you are comfortable, this is a place where you can share parts of your story. This is where you can bring hope to a hopeless situation. Have plenty of culturally relevant resources and referral services available for people that have been traumatized. Suicide attempts among LGBTQ youth and adults occur at a significantly higher rate than in the general population. Understanding basic components of suicide prevention are a must. Mental Health First Aid and e-CPR are two excellent training choices that will help you and the peers with whom you work.

Take a minute to examine any personal bias you may have regarding culture. Identify where you may need more education. You can join a book club specifically based on cultural humility or ask a friend to recommend some books. As a Certified Peer Counselor and/or a Recovery Coach you need to engage in continuing education as the field of behavioral heal is ever growing.

Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Scenario

Sheila, she/her, is a 19-year-old female. She is meeting with Rita, she/her, who is her Peer Support Specialist. Sheila has seen Rita about four times and really gets along with her and likes her. Sheila has known she was gay since she was eleven years old. She is from a strict African American, Baptist family that believes that people who are gay, lesbian, or bisexual will go to hell in the afterlife. Sheila is very worried that she will disappoint her parents if she reveals she is gay, yet she feels she must be herself. She cannot go on pretending to be someone she is not. She respects her parents’ belief system but cannot believe in a God that would not accept her as she is. She asks Rita to help her write a letter to her parents. She knows what she wants to tell them: She is not going to attend church anymore and that she is gay. Sheila is scared and believes that her parents will kick her out of the house immediately, so she needs to work on finding emergency housing and on saving money so she can support herself. Rita has shared that she is a lesbian. Sheila hopes that Rita can help her make a plan and give her some resources.

If you were Rita:

• How would you approach the situation?
• What questions would you ask?
• How could you use your personal story to assist Sheila?
• What would you do if you did not have personal experience with this culture?
• Do you think this is an appropriate time to bring up any of your own personal experiences if you have them?

Suggested approach

Sheila, she/her, and Rita, she/her, have developed trust and they come from similar backgrounds. Sheila knows that Rita understands how important her family is to her. Rita will use her lived personal experience about the time she came out to her conservative and very loving family. She will not give advice or judge Sheila. Rita is Caucasian and will not pretend or (over) relate to Sheila’s entire experience. She will use cultural humility, respect, and appreciative inquiry to find out what Sheila needs and how to best support her. She will tell her about Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG). PFLAG is a well-known and well-respected family resource. Rita will share statistics and health disparities with Sheila, engaging in psychosocial education from a peer perspective. Rita will discuss her own thoughts of suicide right before she came out and give Sheila the Trevor Project contact information. Rita will encourage Sheila to go at her own pace and consider all her options before she moves forward with a plan.

1. How can I best support you?
2. How much support would you like?
3. Would you like to set goals or make a plan around this situation?
4. Is there any advocacy that I can partner with you on?

Transgender Cultural Perspective

What Does It Mean to be Transgender?

According to Webster’s dictionary, the term “transgender” means, “denoting or relating to a person whose sense of personal identity and gender does not correspond with their birth sex.”

Dakota Steel is a member of the Cultural Coalition for Peers in Washington State. He describes being transgender as “being in the wrong package”:

Often, judgements about one’s identity quickly turn into fear of the unknown and can lead to violence. Dakota has been injured by two violent attacks because of his identity, these attacks are called hate crimes. Sometimes people hate things they do not understand.

Assigning someone’s sex is based on biology — chromosomes, anatomy, and hormones. But a person’s gender identity — the inner sense of being male, female, or both — does not always match their biology. Transgender people say they were assigned a sex that is not true to who they are inside. Many people have assumptions about what it means to be transgender, but it isn’t about surgery, or sexual orientation, or even how someone dresses. It is how they feel. The Williams Institute, says there are nearly 700,000 people living publicly as transgender in the U.S. Each one is unique, and their journeys are personal.

Peer Support Specialists and Recovery Coaches should understand some terminology before we move forward in this module. There are some terms that may confuse you or you have never heard before. None of the terms are meant to insult you or fly in the face of any values or beliefs you may have. Remember to be curious and not critical – and to approach all situations with Cultural Humility.

Terms

Binary – (noun)

A vague term used to refer to a number of characteristics traditionally associated with males and females, including, but not limited to gender identity, sex chromosomes, genitalia (internal and external), endocrine system, and secondary sex characteristics. Often seen as a binary but as there are many combinations of chromosomes, hormones, and primary/secondary sex characteristics, it’s more accurate to view this as a nonbinary spectrum.

Statistics

• 50% Must educate their healthcare teams,
• 65% Struggle with Substance Use Disorder,
• The average life span of a black trans woman is 35 years old,
• Depression and anxiety diagnosis 41%,
• 71% Hide their identity at work and do not feel safe to be themselves,
• Homelessness 40% (57% due to family rejection),
• 60% Do not have an ID that matches their gender identity,
• 1 in 6 Trans students leave school due to discrimination and bullying; and,
• Supported trans youth are 67% less likely to attempt suicide.

When working with a program participant who is transgender, they will likely have a few more barriers than other individuals you work with. They may not have a passport or driver’s license that matches their identity. They may not have access to locker rooms or bathrooms where they feel safe. Traveling is often dangerous. They can be denied housing and lose or not get hired for jobs for which they are well-qualified. There are disproportionate rates of violence that transgender individuals may also face. When you start working with someone who is transgender, they may not have any natural supports to identify. They may have created their own family, and their biological family may have rejected them. Be aware of all these real barriers when you begin working with an individual who is transgender.

People that are marginalized or isolated from mainstream society often need more assistance than someone that isn’t in a socially marginalized group. Individuals that identify with these groups are the most statistically underserved by both public and private services. Often they are chronically under or unemployed, making it less likely they can afford or obtain access to services like healthcare. These are called healthcare disparities. Healthy People 2020 defines a health disparity as, “a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or an environmental disadvantage.

What About Pronouns? Why Are They Important?

Personal pronouns are the words used in place of specific people, places, or things. Pronouns like “me, myself, and I” are how people talk about themselves, and pronouns like “you, she, he, and they” are some pronouns that people use to talk about others.

A person’s pronouns are the third-person singular pronouns that they would like others to use in place of their name. Personal pronouns are used to convey a person’s gender identity and do not necessarily align with the sex a person was assigned at birth. The most common third-person singular pronouns are “she/her/hers” and “he/him/his.” “They/them” can also be used to refer to a single person, while some people use gender-neutral or gender-inclusive pronouns like “ze/hir” (pronounced zee/here) instead. Some people might not use pronouns at all and go only by a name.

Approach individuals who want to be called what you may think is “unique” pronouns with cultural humility. Using the pronouns that a person goes by is a way of respecting that person’s gender identity — or a person’s emotional and psychological sense of their own gender and sense of self. If someone tells you that they go by the pronouns “they/them,” for example, and you continue to refer to them using “he/him/his” pronouns, it can imply that you believe that transgender, non-binary or intersex people are unimportant, or shouldn’t exist. It can create a lack of safety and trust in a helping relationship.

What is an Ally?

An ally (pronounced al-eye) is one that is associated with another as a helper: a person or group that provides assistance and support in an ongoing effort, activity, or struggle, like “a political ally.” Example: She has proven to be a valuable ally in the fight for better working conditions.

“Ally” is often used specifically for a person who is not a member of a marginalized or mistreated group but that expresses or gives support to that group.

Here are some simple ways to start being a more engaged and active ally:

• Be open. Talk about having lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) friends, family members, colleagues, and acquaintances. However, when you talk about them please make sure you have their permission.
• Ask questions. If you hear acronyms, terminology, or references you are not familiar with- commit to getting the answers.
• Stay informed. Learn about the realities, challenges and issues affecting the lives of people who are Transgender through news stories, social media, websites, books, documentaries, and educational materials.
• Speak up. When you hear Transgender slurs, jokes, or misinformation, say something. Explain why you are an Ally, make your case for more welcoming and inclusive spaces.
• Teach equality. Be mindful of the day-to-day messages that your family, friends and colleagues are receiving about Transgender people in schools, from their friends and family, the web, social media platforms, and TV.
• Challenge those around you. Encourage the organizations you are a part of – including social groups, your workplace, or faith community – to consider inclusive policies that protect the Transgender community from discrimination and bias.
• Be an advocate. Call, write, email, or visit public policy makers and let them know that as an ally that votes, you support laws that extend equal rights and protections to ALL people.
• Above all, replace judgment with intrigue.

Transgender Scenario

Mark, they/them, is 36 years old and is directed to get peer support and counseling by their doctor after having decided, as a part of their personal transition, to undergo sex reassignment surgery from male to female. They will change their name to Sonia. Mark reports they have suffered for a long time trying to live as a man when they are, in fact, a woman. Mark is meeting with Dee, she/her, for the first time. All Mark knows is that Dee transitioned from male to female about five years ago and is someone their doctor wants them to talk to as a Peer Support Specialist.

Mark is currently experiencing feelings of sadness, anxiety, stress, and anger about the way they have been treated by their family and certain friends because of Mark’s gender identity. Mark has started drinking alcohol on daily basis to numb their emotions and fall asleep at night.

If you were Dee:

• How would you approach the situation?
• What questions would you ask?
• How could you use your personal story to assist Mark?
• What would you do if you did not have personal experience with this culture?
• Do you think this is an appropriate time to bring up any of your own personal experiences if you have them?

Suggested approach

Dee, she/her, and Mark, they/them, have not met yet so they have not been able to develop trust. When they do meet, Dee will use her story and her skills as a Peer Support Specialist to break the ice with Mark. Dee tells Mark what peer support is and what it is not and orients them to the agency policies and their rights. Dee remains conscious of cultural humility even though she has had some similar experiences. She does not assume she knows what Mark is going through. She engages in active listening and reframing to make sure she understand where Mark is coming from. Dee will take into consideration all the needs Mark identifies at this time and ask them what they want to work on first. She does this by asking, “What is happening in your life right now that is interfering with your serenity and wellbeing?” Mark will lead the conversation and discuss what priorities to work on first. The two of them will make a plan together.

Mark asks Dee to go to their first counseling session. After Dee checks with her supervisor, she agrees to go. After they meet with the doctor, they will work on co- creating goals for Mark.

Some questions Dee can ask Mark to get the ball rolling are:

1. How best can I support you?
2. How much support would you like?
3. Would you like to set goals or make a plan around this situation?
4. Is there any advocacy that I can partner with you on?

Summary

Many trainings do not touch on cultural humility or identify exactly how to discuss and incorporate culture into a peer support practice. They discuss what culture is in a very general way. They rarely identify the crucial importance that culture plays in recovery. This Primer is an introduction to a few selected cultures, co- written by people from those cultures. We made it as readable as possible and gave plenty of statistics which are referenced in the appendix. This Primer is meant for people who have not been exposed to diversity in their lives and are now employed in diverse agencies and working with diverse groups of people.

We hope this information gives you a framework on which you can put your own personal touch in your practice as a Peer Support Specialist and/or Recovery Coach. The fact that you are reading this Primer means that you are seeking more information, educating yourself in an effort to be the best helper you can be.

Remember, the first step of developing a multicultural lens, is an assessment of your personal and professional cultural awareness needs. Becoming aware of culturally learned assumptions as they are both similar and different from members of other cultures is the foundation of peer support core competence. Being open, flexible, and curious are great benchmarks or places to start in developing cultural humility. You will find areas where you are racist and hold bias. It is human nature. It is the openness to accept and awareness of these attitudes- as well as the conscious effort to continually educate yourself and grow, that will make differences in the lives of people who are marginalized and face health disparities. Every human being has an equal right to healthcare regardless of their socio-economic status or culture.

Citation

Peer Cultural Cooperative. Cultural Humility Primer: Peer Support Specialist and Recovery Coach Guide to Serving and Supporting Diverse Individuals and Their Recovery Journeys. Northwest Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC): Seattle, WA, 2020.

This work resides in the public domain, unless otherwise indicated.