3 An Overview of Pharmacology

Having a working knowledge of the various psychoactive substances that are commonly used for recreational and medicinal purposes is important. It would be nearly impossible to maintain a list of all such substances because there are always new drugs being made, often in an attempt to avoid the legal restrictions placed on known drugs. However, a relatively small number of drugs actually create enough of an effect for people to repeatedly seek them out for their high. In this chapter, we highlight some of the primary drugs – and categories of drugs – that fall under this description.

Headache, Pain, Pills, Medication, Tablets, Drugs

 

Most people will recognize the names of many of these drugs in the table below. Alcohol, marijuana, heroin, cocaine, nicotine, ecstasy, and methamphetamine are well-known substances that can lead to the three Cs of addiction: compulsion, loss of control, and consequences.

This chapter begins with a video on psychoactive drugs to offer a context for the general categories of addictive drugs. There is also an interactive data chart created by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) that allows you to compare drug use trends over time.

After that, you can view a chart highlighting the prevalence of several drugs of abuse, followed by a table listing of the most common drugs of abuse along with their uses, signs of intoxication, physiological effects, routes of administration, and withdrawal symptoms.

Next is a presentation on blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) that describes alcohol metabolism, factors that influence BAC, and drinking and driving laws.

The chapter concludes with The Celebrated Drugs, a look at three drugs that are widely recognized and promoted in modern U.S. culture. These drugs are alcohol, caffeine, and marijuana. That last one might surprise some people, especially if you grew up in a time when marijuana was considered just as dangerous as drugs like cocaine and heroin. However, marijuana has gained significant acceptance, along with innumerable references in music, movies, and media.

 



Many drugs can alter a person’s thinking and judgment and can lead to health risks, including addiction, drugged driving, infectious disease, and adverse effects on pregnancy. Information on commonly used drugs with the potential for misuse or addiction can be found here: Commonly Used Drugs (https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/commonly-used-drugs-charts).

 

Use the chart to answer the following quiz questions:

 


Activity

Using the interactive Substance Abuse and Mental Health Data Archive, find the following information:

  1. For 2017-2018, what was the prevalence of marijuana use among people 12 and older in the past month?
  1. How does past-month alcohol use compare in 2017-2018 to 10 years earlier: higher, lower, or the same (within 1%)?
  1. Which region had the lowest rate of past-month alcohol use by people age 18 and over: Midwest, New England, West Coast, or South?
  1. Choose the description that best matches the trends in marijuana and cigarette use since 2010:
  • Both cigarette and marijuana use are increasing
  • Cigarette use is increasing and marijuana use is decreasing
  • Cigarette use is decreasing and marijuana use is increasing
  • Both cigarette and marijuana use are decreasing
  1. The prevalence of pain reliever misuse among adults 18 and over is approximately what percentage: 2%, 4%, 6%, or 8%?

National Survey of Drug Use and Health: Trends in Prevalence of Various Drugs

National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Trends in Prevalence of Various Drugs for Ages 12 or Older, Ages 12 to 17, Ages 18 to 25, and Ages 26 or Older; 2016 - 2018 (in percent)*                          
Drug Time Period Ages 12 or Older Ages 12 to 17 Ages 18 to 25 Ages 26 or Older
2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018
Alcohol Lifetime 80.2 80.9 80.8 27 27.1 26.3 81.3 81.1 79.9 86.4 87.1 87.3
Past Year 64.8 65.7 65.5 21.6 21.9 20.8 74.4 74 73.1 68.4 69.5 69.5
Past Month 50.7 51.7 51.1 9.2 9.9 9 57.1 56.3 55.1 54.6 55.8 55.3
Cigarettes (any use) Lifetime 57.4 57.1 55.7 11.6 10.8 9.6 50.5 49.5 45.9 64 63.8 62.6
Past Year 22.7 21.5 21 7.2 6.3 5.5 31.7 31 27.9 23.1 21.7 21.7
Past Month 19.1 17.9 17.2 3.4 3.2 2.7 23.5 22.3 19.1 20.2 18.9 18.5
Smokeless Tobacco Lifetime 16.1 16.1 15.6 4.7 5 4.4 18.2 18 16.7 17.1 17.1 16.7
Past Year 4.4 4.3 4 3 3 2.5 8 7.7 7.1 4 3.9 3.7
Past Month 3.3 3.2 2.9 1.4 1.3 1.1 5.2 4.8 4.4 3.1 3.1 2.9
Illicit Drugs Lifetime 48.5 49.5 49.2 23 23.9 23.9 56.3 57 55.6 50.2 51.3 51.2
Past Year 18 19 19.4 15.8 16.3 16.7 37.7 39.4 38.7 15 16.1 16.7
Past Month 10.6 11.2 11.7 7.9 7.9 8 23.2 24.2 23.9 8.9 9.5 10.1
Cocaine Lifetime 14.4 14.9 14.7 0.9 0.7 0.7 11.3 12 11.4 16.6 17 16.8
Past Year 1.9 2.2 2 0.5 0.5 0.4 5.6 6.2 5.8 1.4 1.7 1.6
Past Month 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.1 0 1.6 1.9 1.5 0.6 0.7 0.7
Crack Cocaine Lifetime 3.3 3.5 3.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.1 1.3 1 4 4.3 4.1
Past Year 0.3 0.3 0.3 0 0.1 0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3
Past Month 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2
Hallucinogens Lifetime 15.4 15.5 15.8 2.7 2.8 2.3 17.2 17.1 16.4 16.6 16.7 17.3
Past Year 1.8 1.9 2 1.8 2.1 1.5 6.9 7 6.9 1 1 1.3
Past Month 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 1.9 1.7 1.7 0.3 0.3 0.4
Heroin Lifetime 1.8 1.9 1.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.6 1.8 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.2
Past Year 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3
Past Month 0.2 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
Inhalants Lifetime 9.1 9.3 9.1 8.3 8.6 8.5 9.8 9.5 9 9 9.3 9.1
Past Year 0.6 0.6 0.7 2.2 2.3 2.7 1.4 1.6 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.4
Past Month 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1
LSD Lifetime 9.6 9.6 10 1.2 1.5 1.3 8.3 9.1 9.8 10.8 10.6 11
Past Year 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 1 0.8 3.4 3.8 3.5 0.3 0.3 0.4
Past Month 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1
Marijuana/ Hashish Lifetime 44 45.2 45.3 14.8 15.3 15.4 51.8 52.7 51.5 46.2 47.5 47.8
Past Year 13.9 15 15.9 12 12.4 12.5 33 34.9 34.8 11 12.2 13.3
Past Month 8.9 9.6 10.1 6.5 6.5 6.7 20.8 22.1 22.1 7.2 7.9 8.6
MDMA Lifetime 6.9 7 7.3 1.2 1 0.8 11.6 12 10.5 6.7 7 7.5
Past Year 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.5 3.5 3.5 3.1 0.5 0.5 0.6
Past Month 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.2
Methamphetamine Lifetime 5.4 5.4 5.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.4 3 2.5 6.5 6.4 6.5
Past Year 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.7
Past Month 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4
PCP Lifetime 2.4 2.2 2.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.6 2.9 2.7 2.7
Past Year 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0 0 0 0
Past Month 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tranquilizers Lifetime 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 -
Past Year 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.7 5.3 5.5 4.6 1.8 1.7 1.7
Past Month 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 1.5 1.6 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.5
Psychotherapeutics (Nonmedical Use) Lifetime 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 -
Past Year 6.9 6.6 6.2 5.3 4.9 4.8 14.5 14.4 12.3 5.9 5.6 5.3
Past Month 2.3 2.2 2 1.6 1.5 1.3 4.6 4.5 3.7 2 1.9 1.8
Pain Relievers Lifetime 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 -
Past Year 4.3 4.1 3.6 3.5 3.1 2.8 7.1 7.2 5.5 3.9 3.7 3.4
Past Month 1.2 1.2 1 1 0.9 0.6 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.1 1
Sedatives Lifetime 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 -
Past Year 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4
Past Month 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1
Stimulants Lifetime 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 -
Past Year 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.5 7.5 7.4 6.5 1.3 1.3 1.2
Past Month 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 2.2 2.1 1.7 0.4 0.5 0.4

The table below highlights the major categories of drugs of abuse. Each category includes examples, uses, routes of administration, signs of intoxication, effects, and withdrawal symptoms. Note that alcohol and benzodiazepines are chemically similar, and both can lead to severe and potentially deadly withdrawal. For this reason, chronic users of these drugs should receive medical supervision during withdrawal.

 

SEDATIVES / DEPRESSANTS NICOTINE OPIOIDS STIMULANTS
EXAMPLES Alcohol

Beer, wine, liquor

 

Benzodiazepines

Xanax,Valium, Ativan, Klonopin

 

Barbiturates

Seconal, Phenobarbitol

Cigarettes

Cigars

Pipes

Chewing tobacco

Heroin

Morphine

Codeine

Vicodin

Oxycontin

Dilaudid

Fentanyl

Cocaine

Caffeine

Amphetamine

Methamphetamine

Ritalin, Adderall

 
USES Recreational; alcohol withdrawal; treat anxiety; anti-convulsant Recreational; smoking cessation Pain relievers Recreational; ADHD treatment; surgical anesthetic
 
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION Oral (pills and liquid); crushed & snorted Smoked; oral absorption Oral, snorted, IV, smoked Oral, snorted, IV, smoked
 
SIGNS OF INTOXICATION Slurred speech; loss of coordination; sleepiness; impaired judgment; benzos can cause amnesia N/A (Nicotine is poisonous but leaves the body rapidly after ingestion) Nodding; depressed respiration rate; severe drowsiness; decreased motor activity; incoherent Hyper-arousal; increased heart rate and breathing; rapid speech; paranoia
 
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Altered brain function; cognitive impairment; Lowered heart rate, respiration, and BP Initially increases, then decreases respiration and heart rate; rapidly acts in the lungs and moves to the brain; related to many types of cancer, brain damage, COPD Decreased respiration; used to alleviate or prevent pain; intense high when misused; overdoses are usually associated with adulterants Increased respiration, heart rate, and BP; impairment in motor function; cognitive deficits
 
WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS Increased heart rate and BP; Delerium Tremens; anxiety; sweating, fever; dizziness; personality changes Intense craving for more of the drug; irritability Diarrhea; profuse sweating; shaking; fever; nausea; sleeplessness; “flu-like symptoms” Depressed mood; irritability; headaches; possible psychosis; anxiety; sleep disturbances; anhedonia

 

HALLUCINOGENS INHALANTS MARIJUANA DISSOCIATIVES
EXAMPLES Psilocybin

LSD

MDMA (Ecstasy)*

 

Glue

Paint

Aerosol cans

Nitrous

Active ingredient: THC

 

Flowers, edibles, oils

PCP

Ketamine

Dextromethorphan

Salvia divinorum

Nitrous oxide

 
USES Recreational; couples therapy (MDMA) Recreational; no medical benefit Recreational; pain management; appetite stimulant Recreational; surgery; depression treatment
 
SIGNS OF

INTOXICATION

Nonsensical thoughts and speech; visual & auditory hallucinations (tactile hallucinations also possible) Visible red marks around the lips and nose; incoherent speech; uncoordinated movement Bloodshot eyes; possible hallucinations; decreased motor coordination Hallucinations; feelings of detachment
 
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Acute or chronic psychotic episodes; flashbacks Irregular heartbeat (possible death); Significant damage to brain cells, causing irreversible damage; psychiatric and neurological problems; headaches; sensitivity to light Difficulty forming short-term memories; increased onset of mental illness; orthostatic hypotension; peripheral neuropathy; increased risk of lung damage and cancer Memory loss; changes in blood pressure; slowed heart rate and respiration; feelings of extreme panic; aggression; respiratory arrest
 
WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS Cravings; irritability Anxiety, depression, irritability; aggressive behavior; hallucinations Insomnia; disturbances in sleeping and dreaming; anxiety; change of appetite; weight loss; irritability Cravings; headaches; sweating; depression; social withdrawal

*Ecstasy, or MDMA, has several effects and is technically an entactogen. It has properties of stimulants and hallucinogens.


Activity

Click the following link to view an activity developed by the University of Utah that highlights brain changes related to use of various drugs: MOUSE PARTY

 


Activity

Use the flashcards below to test yourself on several drug definitions.


 

Click through the presentation below to explore information on blood-alcohol concentration, including several quiz questions. Make sure to click all the way through to the summary page on the last slide to log your points.


 


Let’s Talk About It… The Opioid Epidemic: According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, more than 750,000 people have died from a drug overdose since the year 2000, the majority of which are from opioids. How did this epidemic happen, what can we do to stop it, and what needs to be done to prevent it from happening again?

 

 

 

definition

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